机自专业英语复习资料 英汉翻译对比.docVIP

2、应力和应变 在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。 In any engineering structure the individual components or members will be subjected to external forces arising from the service conditions or environment in which the component works. If the component or member is in equilibrium, the resultant of the external forces will be zero but, nevertheless, they together place a load on the member which tends to deform that member and which must be reacted by internal forces set up within the material. 静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 A static load is a gradually applied load for which equilibrium is reached in a relatively short time. (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 A sustained load is a load that is constant over a long period of time, such as the weight of a structure. This type of load is treated in the same manner as a static load; however, for some materials and conditions of temperature and stress, the resistance to failure may be different under short time loading and under sustained loading. (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 An impact load is a rapidly applied load(an energy load). Vibration normally results from an impact load, and equilibrium is not established until the vibration is eliminated, usually by natural damping forces. (d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 A repeated load is a load that is applied and removed many thousands of times. (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。 A fatigue or alternating load is a load whose magnitude and sign are changed with time. 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。 Stress σ may thus be compressive or tensile depending on the nature of the load and will be measured in units of newtons per square meter(N/m2) or multiples of this. 一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。 Since, in practice, the extensions of material under load are very small, it is o