兽医专业英语扬州大学lessonthirteen.pptxVIP

New words and phrases;The anatomic organization of the cells and tissues of the immune system is of critical importance for the generation of immune responses. This organization permits the small number of lymphocytes specific for any one antigen to locate and respond effectively to that antigen regardless of where in the body the antigen is introduced.;The adaptive immune response depends on antigen-specific lymphocytes, accessory cells required for lymphocyte activation, and effector cells that eliminate antigens. B and T lymphocytes express highly diverse and specific antigen receptors and are the cells responsible for the specificity and memory of adaptive immune responses. ;Natural killer (NK) cells are a distinct class of lymphocytes that do not express highly diverse antigen receptors and whose functions are largely in innate immunity. Many surface molecules are differentially expressed on different subsets of lymphocytes, as well as on other leukocytes, and these are named according to the CD nomenclature.;Both B and T lymphocytes arise from a common precursor in the bone marrow. B cell development proceeds in the bone marrow, whereas T cell precursors migrate to and mature in the thymus. After maturing, B and T cells leave the bone marrow and thymus, enter the circulation, and populate peripheral lymphoid organs.;Na?ve B and T cells are mature lymphocytes that have not been stimulated by antigen to become differentiated lymphocytes. When they encounter antigen, they differentiate into effector lymphocytes that have functions in protective immune responses. Effector B lymphocytes are antibody-secreting plasma cells. Effector T cells include cytokine-secreting CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytolytic (or cytotoxic) T lymphocytes (CTLs).;Some of the progeny of antigen-activated B and T lymphocytes differentiate into memory cells that survive for long time periods in a quiescent state. These memory cells are responsible for the rapid and enhanced response