离散数学杨争锋ch012.pptxVIP

(3) P(x)”x is greater than 3” P(4)true P(2)false(4) Example 2 (page 29) Q(x,y)”x=y+3” Q(1,2)false Q(3,0) 牛牛文库文档分享(5) In general, A statement of the form P(x1,x2,…,xn) is the value of the propositional function P at the n-tuple (x1,x2,…,xn) , and P is called a 牛牛文库文档分享2. Universal QuantifierUniverse of Discourse (or domain)(全体个体域或者定义域） a set containing all the values of a variable(2) Definition 1 (page 34) The universal quantification of P(x) is the proposition “P(x) is true for all values of x in the universe of discourse.” ?x P(x) 牛牛文库文档分享 ?x P(x) is read as “for all x P(x)” or “for every x P(x)”(3) Example 8 (page 34) P(x)”x+1x” universe of discourseall real numbers How about ?x P(x) ? Answer: ?x P(x) 牛牛文库文档分享(4) Example 9 (page 35) Q(x)”x2” universe of discourseall real numbers How about ?x Q(x) ? Answer: ?x Q(x) false(5) Further explanation universe of discourse finite set {x1,x2,…,xn} ?x P(x) is the same as P(x1) /\ P(x2) /\ /\ P(xn) 牛牛文库文档分享(6) Example 11 (page 35) P(x)” x210 ” universe discourse ”the positive integers not exceeding 4” {1,2,3,4} How about ?x P(x) ?Solution: ?x P(x) is the same as P(1) /\ P(2) /\ P(3) /\ P(4) falseExample 12 N(x): Computer x is connected to the network. The domain consists of all computer on 牛牛文库文档分享(7) Example 13 (page 36) ?x (x2≥x) universe discourse all integersSolution: x2≥x iff x(x-1)≥0 iff x ≥1 or x≤0 ?x (x2≥x)true How about universe discourse all real numbers ?x (x2≥x) 牛牛文库文档分享(8) How to show ?x P(x) is false? Try to find a counterexample (反例). Example 10 (page 32) P(x) “x20” universe of discourseall integers How about ?x P(x) ? Solution: P(0) false ?x P(x) 牛牛文库文档分享3. Existential QuantifierDefinition 2 (existential quantifier, page 36) The existential Quantifier of P(x) is the proposition “There exists an element x in the universe of discourse such that P(x) is true” denoted as?x P(x) “There is an x such that P(x)” “There is at least one x such that P(x)” 牛牛文库文档分享(2) Example 14 (page 36) P(x)