兽医专业英语扬州大学lesson19.pptxVIP

New words and phrases;Text; At one time or another, these viruses occurred in most parts of the world, often causing extensive epidemics in domestic cattle and swine. Sheep and many species of wildlife are also susceptible. Mortality is low but morbidity is high; convalescence and virus shedding from affected animals may be protracted and it is these features that make foot-and-mouth disease so important, especially when the virus is introduced into countries previously free of （无…的 ）disease. ;During the 19th century, foot-and-mouth disease was widely reported in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South and North America and occurred on one occasion （有一次；曾经 ）in Australia. From 1880 onward, the control of rinderpest （牛瘟）and the improved husbandry in the livestock industries in Europe focused attention on foot-and-mouth disease. Its sequelae were found to be more important than the acute illness. In dairy herds （奶牛群）, the febrile(发热的) disease resulted in the loss of milk production for the rest of the lactation period （泌乳期）. ;Mastitis often resulted in a permanent loss of more than 25% of milk production and the retarded growth of beef cattle. Today, many countries have either eliminated foot-and-mouth disease by compulsory （强制性的） slaughter of infected animals or have reduced its incidence greatly by extensive vaccination programs. ;Historically, each virus type has been further subtyped on the basis of quantitative differences in cross-protection and serologic tests. Antigenic variation within a type occurs as a continuous process of antigenic drift without clear-cut （清晰的）demarcations between subtypes. This antigenic heterogeneity has important economic implications for vaccine development and selection, as immunity acquired through infection or use of current vaccines is strictly type specific and, to a lesser degree, subtype specific. ;Difficulty in defining the threshold at which a new isolate should be given subtype status has always been a problem and current att