老子弱道思想研究.DOC

．文理通識學術論壇． ．老子弱道思想研究． PAGE 10 PAGE 9 老子弱道思想研究 A Study of Lao Tzu’s Thought on the Way of the Weakness 李哲賢 Lee, Jer-shiarn 摘　要 本文主要在探究老子之弱道思想，並試從弱道思想形成之背景、運用及影響等方面來抉發其義蘊。 老子之主張柔弱，並非僅是追求柔弱之本身，而是有其深邃之底蘊。實者，老子之主張柔弱，乃是有見於「柔弱勝剛強」，始主張柔弱。易言之，柔弱乃其手段，而剛強方是其目的。 老子之弱道思想主要在於解決人類之爭端，緩和社會之衝突，其學說思想對後世之影響可為深矣！遠矣！其價值不可謂不大。故本文特抉發之，俾對其思想有更進一步之理解。 關鍵詞：Lao Tzu 老子 The Way 道 Tao-te ching 道德經 The Weakness 柔弱 Reverse 反 Huang-Lao (Emperor Huang and Lao Tzu) 黃老 Inner Taoism and Outer Confucianism 外儒內道 Lao Tzu the Man and Lao-tzu the Book: According to Lao Tzu’s biography in Historical Records (Shih-chi), Lao Tzu was from K’u prefecture of Ch’u state, surnamed Li, styled Erh, and his given name was Tan. He has been a historiographer of Chou dynasty. We could not know when he was born and dead, but only knew that he was a little older than Confucius, so Lao Tzu maybe lived during the late Spring and Autumn (Ch’un-ch’iu) period. As to the name of Lao Tzu, there were two different opinions. First, Lao was an honorific term, so Lao Tzu meant master Lao. Second, Lao was the philosopher’s surname. It was very common during the pre-Ch’in dynasty that thinkers of the various schools at that time added “tzu” character after their surnames, such as, K’ung Tzu (Confucius), Meng Tzu (Mencius), Mo Tzu, Chuang Tzu, Hsün Tzu and Han Fei Tzu, etc.. So Lao was Lao Tzu’s surname.1 But, since the pronunciation of Lao and that of Li were very much similar in ancient China, Ssu-ma Ch’ien said that Lao Tzu’s surname was Li. Lao Tzu was the author of Tao-te ching (Lao-tzu). There were three reasons for saying that. First, Ssu-ma ch’ien said that Lao Tzu wrote a book, talking about the meaning of the way (tao) and the virtue (te), which contained about five thousand characters. Second, in the books of the Chuang-tzu and the Han Fei Tzu, the authors cited the words from Tao-te ching and stated directly that they were what Lao Tzu said.2 Third, the thought of the whole book of Tao-te ching was consist