sec思tiond.ppt

遗传多态性 同一种类的不同染色体或不同个体之间某一条染色体上的相同区域或基因座上含有两个(或更多)稍微不同的DNA序列,为多形体, 该基因座位被称为展示了遗传多态性. 是由突变导致的. 单核苷酸多态性(SNP) 简单序列长度多态性(SSLP) 多数真核基因中,蛋白编码区被非编码的内含子所打断. pre-mRNA必须被去掉以产生连续的蛋白编码序列外显子,该过程称剪接, 由snRNP核内小核糖核蛋白的RNA-蛋白复合物介导. 成熟mRNA随即被运出细胞核并在细胞质中经核糖体翻译成蛋白质. 真核生物的表达 RNA在核中通过在5’端加帽（7-甲基鸟嘌呤残基与mRNA5’末端通过5 ’ ，5’-三磷酸脂键连接）和3’端加poly(A)尾巴增加稳定性. DNA Supercoiling (DNA超螺旋) C. Properties of nucleic acids Closed circular molecule Supercoiling超螺旋 energy Topoisomer拓扑异构体 topoisomerase拓扑异构酶 Consider a looped DNA, if the twisting of the DNA is in the same direction as that of the double helix, then the supercoiling formed is positive; if the helix is untwisted解除缠绕作用, then the supercoiling is negative. Almost all DNA molecules in cell are on average negatively supercoiled. ΔLk连接数的变化=ΔTw+ΔWr ΔWr扭曲：DNA双链闭环后的缠绕，图C4.2（a） ΔTw缠绕：DNA双链闭环前的缠绕，图C4.2（c） DNA Supercoiling Almost all DNA molecules in cells are on average negatively supercoiled. Supercoiled DNA has a higher energy than relaxed DNA. Negative supercoiling may thus facilitate cellular processes which require the unwinding解旋of the helix, such as transcription initiation or replication (General understanding but not details are required) Almost all DNA molecules in cells can be considered as circular, and are on average negatively supercoiled. Counter helical turn C. Properties of nucleic acids Topoisomerases拓扑异构酶exist in cell to regulate the level of supercoiling of DNA molecules. Gyrase(促旋酶): introduce the negative supercoiling (resolving the positive one and using the energy from ATP hydrolysis. C. Properties of nucleic acids 染色体组装状态 Actively transcribed chromatin: via acetylation (乙酰化) of lysine赖氨酸residues in the N-terminal regions of the core histones. Condensation of chromosomes at mitosis: by the phosphorylation (磷酸化) of histone H1. 转录活跃的染色质:通过核心组蛋白N端区域赖氨酸残基的乙酰化 有丝分裂中染色体的浓缩伴随着组蛋白H1的磷酸化 这些变化改变了组蛋白所带的正电荷,会影响染色质构象的稳定性 Longer term differences in chromatin condensation: associated with changes due to stages in development (发育) an