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;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;第五讲:统计推断和显著性检验;Sampling bias causes the sample to be not representative of the
population as a whole. We must bear in mind that if a sample is
biased, there is no statistical technique that can make the sample
representative of the population.;have to construct two opposite hypotheses, that is, null
hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
Null hypothesis (H0) states that in population there are no
relationships between the two variables, or the two variables are
independent of one another.
H0: in the population there is no relationship between the
income and gender.
What does it mean if the H0 is true or false?
Alternative hypothesis (H1) (or research hypothesis) states
that in the population the two variables are related. The research
hypotheses are often explicitly stated, but the null hypotheses
are often not mentioned at all.
Note that, as a research, you are really trying to prove H1, but a
principle of logic known as the fallacy of affirming the
consequent suggests that we can only “prove” H1 indirectly by
showing that H0 is probably untrue. If H0 is false, then H1 is the
only logical conclusion. If H0: in the population there is no
relationship is false, then the only other general conclusion is H1:
in the population there is a relationship.
5.3 Comparing Means
a) Comparing two population groups
If we treat both groups as population, our conclusions are made
simply by examining and comparing the two means. However,
when one or both of the means comes from random samples
rather than population, the possibility of sampling error emerges
and we need to perform a test of significance on the data.
New terms: sample statistic from sample data; population
parameter from population data.;;;;Probability
(Levelof
Significance);The difference
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