互助论在近代中国的传播与影响-中国近现代史专业论文.docxVIP

摘要互助论是由中国早期无政府主义者传入国内的，但它却作为一种 摘要 互助论是由中国早期无政府主义者传入国内的，但它却作为一种 独立的思潮对五四前后的中国思想界产生了广泛的影响。鉴于目前学 术界对这一问题的研究还比较薄弱，本文回顾了它在中国的传播过 程，并通过对当时的刊物和作者群的考察以列表的形式展现了它传播 的具体情况。由于互助论提倡互助协作，反对残酷竞争，既有着对达 尔文生物进化论和社会达尔文主义的批判，又有着对它们的修正和补 充，为深恶“弱肉强食”的人们所接受，并成为他们呼吁社会进步、 重视人类伦理乃至于修身养性的思想信条。新世纪派正是受着这种理 论的影响，毕身致力于道德的建设和互助的实践。天义派的主要代表 刘师培、章太炎等也一度对互助论推崇备至。值第一次世界大战的爆 发，战争将竞争的理论发挥到极致，其惨烈，其残酷，怵目惊心，才 在全世界范围内兴起一股对强权和功利哲学的深刻反思，矛头也直接 对准了其终极理论——生物进化论。进化论思想统治地位的动摇，正 好为互助论的流行提供了最好的契机。一时间，舆论争相报导，各种 互助的团体和组织纷纷涌现，各文化阵营也都参与到讨论的行列，中 国燃起了互助的热潮。本文着重通过互助论对无政府主义者、文化保 守主义者、中国国民党部分成员、早期共产主义者以及蔡元培、高一 涵等思想家的触动，来探讨它对近代中国思想界的影响。互助论最终 被马克思主义所代替，但它对竞争进化论的修正，对人道伦理的维护 始终为崇尚斗争的社会哲学敲响了警钟。 关键词：互助论，进化论，清末，第一次世界大战，五四时期 ABSTRACTMutual ABSTRACT Mutual Aid was spread into China by the first Anarchists during Late Qing，but it had great influence on Chinese society at May Fourth Age as an independent ideological trend．Because it wasn’t paid much attention in recent academia，this article retrospected its spreading process and specific sitution by studying contemporary magazines，newspapers and the authers with several lists．The theory initiated mutual aid and coorperation and opposed struggle， which made many intellectuals regard it aS criticism to Darvinism，revision and compIement as well．They hated general laws of“superior succeed and inferior fail”，“the weak being at the mercy of the strong一1aw of the jungles”，then and accepted mutual aid as the creed of social progress，human ethics and cultivation of moral characters．Greatly affected by the theory，editors of New Century devoted themselves to morality construction of mankind and the practice of mutual aid．The important members of Tian Yi。such as Liu Shipei。Zhang Taiyan also praised highly of the essence of mutual aid． People did not set off a movement to mull over uti 1 itarianism and strong power unti 1 the First World War which led to unbel ievable disasters．Then they put their spearhead on its final theory—Darvinism．Mutual aid occupied some position of struggle theory in pe