高等固体物理课件4..ppt

Two dimensional helium Since helium is attracted to almost anything* , it will form a 2D film. Most long-range order is forbidden in 2D (Mermin-Wagner theorem), e.g. BEC not allowed for T0 because the system is susceptible to long-range phase decoherence. However, it does become a superfluid. The transition is called the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Superfluid-normal fluid transition is caused by vortex-anti-vortex unbinding. KT predicts algebraic decay of single particle density matrix 2d helium energetics In contrast to 3D the energy is a smooth function of temperature. Bump in Cv above the transition. No feature at the transition (only an essential singularity) 新进展 观察到分数电荷涨落. FQHE 的Ginsburg Landau 理论. 费米, 玻色 和分数统计. 边缘态和共形场论. … 利用一维结观察分数电荷 C.L. Kane and M.P.A. Fisher, Shot in the Arm for Fractional Charge, Nature 389, 119 (1997). The Quantum Hall effect (QHE) is one example of a quantum phenomenon that occurs on a truly macroscopic scale. The signature of QHE is the quantization plateaus in the Hall resistance (Rxy) and vanishing magnetoresistance (Rxx) in a magnetic field. The QHE, exclusive to two-dimensional metals, has led to the establishment of a new metrological standard, the resistance quantum, , that contains only fundamental constant. As with many other quantum phenomena, the observation of the QHE usually requires low temperatures (previously reported highest temperature was 30 K). In graphene, a single atomic layer of graphite, however, we have observed a well-defined QHE at room temperature owing to the unusual electronic band structure and the relativistic nature of the charge carriers of graphene. Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene PI: Philip Kim, Department of Physics, Columbia Universty Supported by NSF (No. DMR-03-52738 and No. CHE-0117752), NYSTAR DOE (No. DE-AIO2-04ER46133 and No. DE-FG02-05ER46215), and Keck Foundation NHMFL T=300 K B=45 T Novoselov, K.S.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Morozov, S.V.; Stormer, H.L.; Zeitler