浅谈古全浊声母清化的语音基础及历史层次-ResearchGate.docVIP

淺談古全濁聲母清化的語音基礎及歷史層次 在《漢語方言古全濁聲母的今讀類型與歷史層次研討會》上的報告，2013年8月30-31日，香港中文大學，香港。全文刊载于《 歷史語言學研究 》第七辑，商务印书馆，2016年，北京。 Discussion on the Phonetic Base and Historical Gradation of the Devoicing of Ancient Voiced Consonant Jianfen Cao 曹劍芬 中國社會科學院語言研究所 提要 中古全濁聲母的清化是漢語史上規模最大、影響最廣的歷史音變，它備受學界的關注，是爭議最多的經典問題之一。本文試圖從中古全濁聲母的清化在現代吳語中的語音表現入手，依據迄今為止已經掌握的現代語音實驗資料，並吸收其他學者的相關研究成果，探討濁音清化的促發因素及演變發展的歷史層次。從現有實驗結果及相關資料來看，清化之前的全濁輔音聲母或許本來就不是由常態的聲帶振動產生的常態嗓音，而是一種伴隨著氣化發聲的氣化嗓音。因此，在跟對應的清輔音聲母的音系對立上存在著區別特徵的冗餘，於是就促動了這種濁音的清化，那就是：或者保留聲帶振動而揚棄氣化發聲方式，或者保留氣化發聲方式而揚棄聲帶振動。如今古全濁聲母在各個方言平面上的不同語音表現，就是上述兩種不同方式的清化及其歷史演變的結果；而在現代吳語裏則是兩種清化方式以聲調陰陽對立為條件的互補出現：在單念或語流中相對重讀時讀陽調，失去聲帶振動而保留氣化發聲；語流中相對輕讀時讀陰調，則保留聲帶振動而失去氣化發聲。 Abstract The devoicing of ancient voiced consonant is the maximal sound shift both of magnitude and impact taken place in history of the Chinese. It is one of the classical and most controversial issues in linguistic circle, thus, particularly attract the academic attention from ages ago up to date. The present study tries to explore the motivating factor of the devoicing and historical gradation of such sound evolution. The discussion is mainly based on the phonetic realization of the ancient voiced consonants observed from experimental study to modern Wu Dialects of Chinese, and other related research findings were consulted as well. Both acoustic and physiological evidences gathered so far lead to a suggestion that，the devoicing seems to be motivated by some redundancy of its distinctive features when it contrast to corresponding voiceless consonants，and it was originated due to particular phonation type characteristics. Specifically, the phonetic property of voiced consonant seems to be a voice with some breathiness originally, in stead of simple normal voice in ancient age. Consequently, the devoicing process seems to be actualized either by keeping the voicing but discard the breathiness or keeping the breathiness but discard the voicing, so the various phonetic realization of such consonant in modern Ch