自考英语词汇学(笔记).docx

Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 一、 【考情分析】 本章主要考核的知识点为：词和词汇的定义和区别，考生应该弄清楚声音与意义，声音与拼 写之间的关系，掌握词汇划分的基本原则及各类词的主要特点。在历年考试中：常常以选择 题和名词解释的形式对本章知识点进行考核。 二、 【知识串讲】重点知识锦集： 1. According to semanticists（意义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning. 2. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is ‘no logical relationships between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’. 3. Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency. 4. Words may fall into content words and functional words by notion. 5. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by origin. 6. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. 7. ‘all national character’ （全民性） the most important of all features that may differentiate is words of common use from all others. 8. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. 9. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. 9. The English language is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings. 10. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes: Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans. 11. The differences between sound and form are due to innovations made by linguists. 12. Of all the five characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is all national character.（全民性） 13. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are stable. 14. In Old English there was more agreement between sound and form. 15. A word is a symbol that represents something else in the world. 16. Some words in the basic words stock are said to be stable because they refer to the commonest things in life. 17. In