汉译英：句子基本译法综述和段落篇章的翻译方法.pptVIP

语言学家周祖谟教授最讲究这样去广积学问，他曾经对学生们说，治学要有根基，要有一般的基本知识与专科的基本知识。先读基础书，然后兼及其他。而且，要读全部，不能止于选本。要这样做，自然得有决心和毅力，在这点上，著名词学家夏承焘先生有一席恳切的经验之谈，他说：“六十余年间，如果说在学问方面取得了某些成绩的话，那就是依靠一个‘笨’字，‘笨’字从本。”学生们按照师辈指点去做，治学的路子是对的。 这段话的中心思想是，大学问家的经验告诉我们，广积学问要考下决心和有毅力读书。 汉语形散神聚，词句随“意”自然流动。 段落翻译的基本原则和技巧 译者首先进行段落大意分析再进行句群分析，句子分析最后以句子为单位进行翻译 译者要关注的还是句子内部的调整、句子层次意义的译文重组。 段落翻译的焦点仍是句子翻译，这个过程中，译者要注重句际关系的分析，从段落的视野把握每个句子的处理方式。 Translation of the Text: Textual Consciouness 语篇意识 Textual consciousness in translation  语篇意识 It’s common to use text as a unit for the analysis of translation as it enables the translator to appreciate the linguistic form, meaning and spirit of the original. 翻译中应当大处着眼(top-down)，小处着手(bottom-up)，小单位、低层次服从于大单位、高层次。 How to grow oldby Bertrand Russell The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done. 老年人若能如此看待人生，将不会遭受怕死的痛苦。因为，他所关怀的事物将继续下去，如果随着精力的衰竭，疲倦之感日渐增加，就会觉得长眠并非是不受欢迎的念头。当我在一直工作时，我希望会死亡，因为我知道别人会继续我未完成的事业，并且想到凡是我可能做的事情都已做了，而感到心满意足。 Text is not a mere aggregation of sentences; rather, it is a semantic unity. Cohesion 衔接、粘连 Coherence 连贯 COHESION M.A.K. Halliday (2000:4) : cohesion is a semantic concept, referring to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and it occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. Cohesive Devices Commonly Used in English and Chinese Halliday Hasan (1976，1985/1994)五大类:照应(reference),替代(substitution),省略(ellipsis),连接(conjunction)及词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)。其中前四类属于语法衔接手段,后一类属于词汇衔接手段。语法衔接是语篇具有的典型特征之一。 Susan was upset. She yelled, “I am banging my head against the wall. Why? Why did you do that to me?” (reference) A: We have no average students. B: Sure,