4.英汉语言的比较分析——综述.pptVIP

1 Introduction of language families English ---- the Indo-European(印欧语系 ) language family; Chinese ---- the Sino-Tibetan(汉臧语系) language family 1.2 Language types Synthetic language vs. Analytic language A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. e.g. German, Old English. An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms. e.g. Chinese. 1.3 Writing system 古汉字是表意文字（ideograpic script） 古汉字是一种用符号表示思想或概念的表意文字（ideographic script），因为它主要是象形字(pictograph)。随着指事字（indicative character）、会意字(associative character)和形声字(morpheme-phonetic character)的出现，且数目不断增多，汉语已不能简单地视为表意文字，而应该视为有表意倾向的音节文字（ideographic-oriented syllabic script）。 （1）象形字（pictograph），它是有关自然现象，人或物的原始图形文字，是一种象形符号.e.g. 果,雨,山 （ 2）指事（indicative），它是以表达某种意思的抽象符号，或在形象符号中加上指事性符号构成。 e.g.上，下，中 （3）会意字（associative），它是由两个或两个以上的指事性符号构成，其意义为该符号引起的联想意义。 e.g. 从，森，祭，休 （4）形声字（morpheme-phonetic character），它由表意的形符和表声的音符组成。 e.g. 烤，溶，擦 英语是拼音文字（alphabetic script）。 由26个字母构成词语。 不表意。 Practice 欲知其人，先观其友，观察一个人看些什么书也是同样的道理。人不仅会与志趣相同的人为友，还会与志趣相同的书为友。但无论是与人为友还是与书为友，都应该交好朋友。 好书就是好朋友，总是一如既往，不会情随境迁。它最宽容，最会令人开心。即便是我们身处逆境、贫困潦倒时，它也不会离我们而去，只会一往情深地接纳我们。青春年少时，它会给我们带来欢乐，给我们指点迷津；垂暮耄耋时，它会给我们带来慰藉，给我们宽心。 参考译文 A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men. A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today as it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful companion. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age. 参考译文2 You can judge a person by the books he reads as