土木之变若干问题探析专门史专业论文.docxVIP

英宗南归至成功复辟的过程，探讨明朝激烈的政治斗争。二堂辔终缨熘木之变”的出现，景泰、天顺年间调整了对蒙古政策。 英宗南归至成功复辟的过程，探讨明朝激烈的政治斗争。二堂辔终缨熘 木之变”的出现，景泰、天顺年间调整了对蒙古政策。 关键词明代，瓦刺，“土木之变 ABSTRACTIn ABSTRACT In July of 1 4th year of Cheng T’ung era(1449)，Oirat(a Mongolian tribe)marched into the Ming Dynasty,defeated the Ming army and captured Ying—tsung，emperor of the Ming Dynasty at T’U。mu，which was the second time that emperor of Central Plains had been captured by alien races since‘‘Jingkang Incident’’in the Song Dynasty．Centering on Ming Dynasty greeting Ying-tsung’S return and Oirat sending Ying。tsung back， there appeared a series of military conflicts and envoys negotiations．In August of first year of Ching-t’ai era(1450)，Ymg-tsung returned to south， ending his“imprisoned life in north．This is a process of central power shift of Ming Dynasty and change of courtiers’practical thoughts；it also reflects internal conflicts emerging of Oirat and its economic dependence on the Ming Dynasty．After Ying—tsung returned，in the period of Ching．t’ai and T’ien—shun，the internal political battles became increasingly fierce．Besides，the policy towards Mongolia changed into more conservative in view of“T’U—mu Incident． On the basis of previous studies，using The Memoir ofMing Dynasty as basic historical materials，combined with the private writings and official historical materials in the Ming Dynasty and afterwards，the paper intends to systematically analyze some issues involved in“T’U。mu Incident”and clarify relevant historical facts，trying to restore the original appearance appearance of this history． The paper is divided into four chapters except the introduction．The first chapter discusses the reasons Esen started the war,and makes further analysis on‘‘tribute contradiction’’and‘‘marriage arrangement failure’’ through analyzing the background of the incident breaking out and the background and origin of relevant historical materials．The second chapter makes a review of the process of“T’U—mu Incident’，and analyzes the reasons for Min