明代的武学跟武举制度资料.docVIP

PAGE PAGE 487 明代的武學與武舉制度 The Martial Arts Schools and Martial Art Examination System of Ming Dynasty 賴盟騏 國立高雄應用科技大學人力資源發展系講師 摘 要 明代武學有中央的兩京京衛武學，以及地方的都司衛武學、府州縣武學。進入武學的學生，主要為年二十五歲以下的在職武官、武職官員的應襲子弟、以及武職官員其餘弟姪年十歲以上者。其出路除應襲子弟照例襲職外，也得應科舉、武舉，或選受（薦舉、會舉）為主管軍政的武職官員。 明代武舉考試分為鄉試、會試、殿試三級，武舉應試者一為武學官生，一為各地文武官吏舉荐「通曉兵法、謀勇出眾」者。 明代的武學是專門為武職及武職子弟設立的學校，目的是為了培養將才，提高武將的素質。但明代的武職素稱難治，武學的學規多流於形式，很難貫徹執行。此外，朝廷對武職及子弟的入學沒有硬性的規定，在學期間學業的好壞與前途也沒有必然的關係。 武科舉是明代選拔武將的重要途徑之一，但並未能選拔出真正的人才，主因為朝廷與社會皆忽視武舉。細究其因：一為傳統「重文輕武」的觀念；其次是武舉出身得不到重用；其三乃武舉制度本身的缺失，如策問考試形同虛設，武舉出身皆為驍勇戰將，而非運籌帷幄的將帥。 有明一代，雖重文輕武，然則武學武舉制度在提高軍官素質、培養造就軍事人才方面有一定的貢獻。但教法不嚴、督率無力，朝廷與社會均不甚重視，未能培訓或選拔出兼具韜略及驍勇之名將。 關鍵詞：武學、武舉、武舉制度 Abstract There were three types of martial arts schools in Ming dynasty：the Dual-Capital Defense Martial Arts School in the central government, the City Defense Martial Arts School and the State and County Martial Arts School in the local areas. The students enrolled into the martial arts schools were mainly inheritors aged 25 or above of existing military officers and military officials, and brothers or nephews aged 10 or above of military officials. The inheritors of existing military officers or officials could follow the rules to succeed their fathers’ positions as military officers, or they could take the Imperial Examination, the Martial Art Examination or the Selection Procedure (through Recommendation or Joint Recommendation) to become military officials who supervised military affairs. The Martial Art Examination of Ming Dynasty was divided into three levels: County Test, Joint Test and Imperial Test. The contestants of the Martial Art Examination were either students from the martial arts schools or people “familiar with the art of war and with outstanding wisdom and courage” recommended by local officials or military officers. The martial arts schools in the Ming Dynasty were established especially for military officers or descendents of military officers. The objective was to train milita