语法专题十：非谓语动词(10).docVIP

非谓语动词 一、基本分类 非谓语动词分为三类：分词(现在分词和过去分词)、动名词和动词不定式。它们具有名词和形容词的某些特征，因而可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。 1．分词 (1)感官动词或使役动词后的现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，不定式作补语表示动作发生的全过程。 I saw him walking across the road.(正在穿过马路) I saw him walk across the road. (看到过了马路的全过程) (2)及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的一般被动式(being done)都有被动意义，前者表示动作完成，后者表示动作正在进行。 The picture fixed on the wall was presented by a friend.(已经被钉在墙上了) The picture being fixed on the wall was presented by a friend.(正被钉在墙上) 注意：不定式有表将来之意。 The picture to be fixed on the wall was presented by a friend.(将要被钉在墙上) (3)分词的独立主格结构：如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，需用一个独立结构(即保留分词的逻辑主语)或者由一个with / without引导的介词短语表达。 Time permitting, well do another two exercises. His work finished, he prepared to go home. With his work finished, he prepared to go home. 2．动名词 (1)动名词作定语表所修饰词的用途，而现在分词表动作或状态、特征。 (2)动名词的复合结构作宾语，动名词的逻辑主语可用宾格代词或不带所有格。但作主语不行。 Do you mind my / me / Tom smoking here? My / Toms smoking here annoyed her. (3)动名词作主语还可用于“There be no＋动名词”结构和布告形式的省略中。 There is no knowing what he will do next. No smoking. 3．动词不定式 (1)不定式作介词宾语时，如前面有实义动词do(各种形式)，则不定式不带to；否则不能省to。 He did nothing all the morning but watch TV. He said nothing but to sleep. (2)不定式作定语时，如果不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且不定式的动词是不及物动词，不能漏掉介词。 I want a small room to live in. I need a nice pen to write with. (3)不定式作感官动词和部分使役动词(let, make)的宾补，动词不定式不带to，但句子变成被动语态时，要带to。 I saw him go into the room.→ He was seen to go into the room. 二、过去分词 过去分词是非谓语动词一种重要形式，它在句中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。 1．过去分词作定语 过去分词作定语，作用相当于一个定语从句。 Whats the language (that is) spoken in that area? 那个地区讲的是什么语言？ The book，(which was) written in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners. 这本书写于1957年，讲的是关于矿工斗争的故事。 2．过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语，可以表示原因、时间、条件、方式和伴随情况。 Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. 有了著名的侦探的指点，年轻的女士不再害怕了。 When heated, water can be changed into steam. 水加热后可以变成蒸气。 Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. 如果多注意一些，这些大白菜还可以长得更好。 The hunter left his house, followed by his dog. 猎人离开了屋子，后面跟着他的狗。 He rushed into the room, his