沟通的演化 （he Evolution of Communication） 动物行为学.pptVIP

Ayo 教材 (動物行為學 2010) 溝通的演化 (The Evolution of Communication)  ─動物行為學 (Ethology) 鄭先祐(Ayo) 國立 臺南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 教授 Part 3. 個體間的互動 生殖行為 (Reproductive Behavior) 親代照顧與交配體系 (Parental Care and Mating Systems) 溝通：管道與功能 (Communication: Channels and Functions) 溝通的演化 (The Evolution of Communication) 衝突 (Conflict) 團體生活，利他和合作 (Group Living, Altruism, and Cooperation) 15b 溝通的演化 The changing views of communication Sharing information Manipulating others Signals and honesty The evolutionary origins of signals Retualization Receiver-bias mechanisms Selective forces that shape signals Language and apes What is language? Ape language studies Communication and animal cognition (認知) blue-footed booby (藍腳鰹鳥) blue penguins : Few penguin interactions end in fighting because they suffer flesh wounds and sometimes eye loss Vervet monkey alarm calls that alert group members of the approach of a neighboring troop are of two types. The “chutter” warns that another group is nearby. The “wrr” is given when another group is spotted in the distance. Stomatopods (mantis shrimps)蝦蛄 zebra finch tamarins (狨猴) gray heron (灰鷺) Ritualized flight in blackbirds. Jacky lizard Different optical habitats of related surfperch species. (left) live in an environment that is highly variable in light intensity. Striped surfperch (right) live in deeper water in the kelp forest where the background light is more even. Deepwater surfperch are better at detecting brightness differences Species living in shallow water can better see color differences 問題與討論 True language has four elements Words or signs must be used as true symbols That stand for, or take the place of, a real object, event, person, action, or relationship Symbols should permit reference to objects or events That are not present There should be some elements of grammar (rules) That determine the relationship between words Changing the order of symbols alters the meaning of the message Words or signs should be combined to form no