电力系统状态估计经典论述理论与实现.pdfVIP

Chapter 1 Introduction Power systems are composed of transmission, sub-transmission, distribution and generation systems. Transmission systems may contain large numbers of substations which are interconnected by transmission lines, transformers, and other devices for system control and protection. Power may be injected into the system by the generators or absorbed from the system by the loads at these substations. The output voltages of generators typically do not exceed 30-kV. Hence, transformers are used to increase the voltage levels to levels ranging from 69-kV all the way up to 765-kV at the generator terminals for efficient power transmission. High voltage is preferred at the transmission system for different reasons one of which is to minimize the copper losses that are proportional to the ampere Rows along lines. At the receiving end, the transmission systems are connected to the sub- transmission or distribution systems which are operated at lower voltage levels ranging from 115-KV to 4.16-KV. Distribution systems are typically configured to operate in a radial configuration, where feeders stretch from distribution substations and form a tree structure with their roots at the substation and branches spreading over the distribution area. 1.1 Operating States of a Power System The operating conditions of a power system at a given point in time can be determined if the network model and complex phasor voltages at every sys- tem bus are known. Since the set of complex phasor voltages fully specifies the system, it is referred to as the static state of the system. According to [1], the system may move into one of three possible states,