玻璃与玻璃化转变.PDF

大学化学(Daxue Huaxue) March Univ. Chem. 2016, 31 (3), 1－10 1 ∙今日化学∙ doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXH 玻璃与玻璃化转变 李艳伟 孙昭艳* 安立佳 ( 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所，高分子物理与化学国家重点实验室，长春130022) 摘要：玻璃与玻璃态的应用极其广泛。玻璃化转变是一种典型的非晶液- 固转变，当转变发生时体系的 结构并没有明显变化，因而我们无法将其归类于已有的任何相变类型。作为凝聚态物理和软物质领域的 核心问题，玻璃化转变的研究已有近70 年的历史。然而，时至今日，人们还是无法回答玻璃态的本质 是什么这一基本问题。本文简述了玻璃态的性质以及伴随玻璃化转变发生的一些基本物理现象，并总结 了半个世纪以来一些与玻璃化转变相关的理论，以期加深读者对玻璃及玻璃化转变的认识。 关键词：玻璃；玻璃化转变；过冷液体 中图分类号：O6 ；G64 Glass and Glass Transition LI Yan-Wei SUN Zhao-Yan* AN Li-Jia (State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China) Abstract : Glass and glassy state cover a wide range of applications. Different from liquid-crystal transition, glass transition is non-crystalline liquid-solid transition, which is not accompanied with obvious changes in structure. Therefore, we cannot classify it into any known type of phase transition. The research on the glass transition has become a key topic in condensed matter physics for several decades. However, the nature of glass state is still far away from being understood until now. Here we provide some basic physical phenomena of glass-forming systems during the glass transition, review some theoretical per- spectives of the glass transition in the past few decades, and introduce some commonly used methods to investigate the structure and dynamics of glass formers, with an attempt to deepen the understanding of disordered solids and