微观经济学第三章-偏好.ppt

* It refers to the ordered relationship among alternative choices given by an economic agent. In most economic literature, consumer preference is treated as the ultimate exogenous element主要的外源的要素. * Completeness: For any two bundles x and y it is always possible to make the statement that either or Reflexivity: Any bundle x is always at least as preferred as itself Transitivity: Ifx is at least as preferred as y, andy is at least as preferred as z, thenx is at least as preferred as z; i.e. * * 单调性----对于好的商品，总是越多越好。 All bundles in I1 are strictly preferred to all in I2. All bundles in I2 are strictly preferred to all in I3. * WP(x), the set of bundles weakly preferred to x. * I1和I2是两条代表不同满足水平的无差异曲线，如果两条曲线相交于X点，而组合Y属于I1 ，组合Z属于I2。根据偏好关系的传递性得到y ~ z ，这与Y 和Z 在不同的无差异曲线上，具有不同满足水平矛盾。 * 完全替代的产品在现实生活中并不多见，严格说来，上例中的两种面额货币并不是严格的完全替代品，特别是当数额较大时，消费者携带10元面额的货币更加方便。 无差异曲线的斜率反映了两种商品替换的比例。 only the number of pairs of units of the two commodities determines the preference rank-order of bundles. * Since each of (5,5), (5,9) and (9,5) contains 5 pairs, each is less preferred than the bundle (9,9) which contains 9 pairs. 由于完全互补品的严格互补性，它们往往被同一个生产者在同一时间内进行生产，而且被在同一地点进行销售。 * A commodity is infinitely divisible if it can be acquired in any quantity; e.g. water or cheese. A commodity is discrete if it comes in unit lumps of 1, 2, 3, … and so on; e.g. aircraft, ships and refrigerators. Suppose commodity 2 is an infinitely divisible good (gasoline) while commodity 1 is a discrete good (aircraft). What do indifference “curves” look like? * 满足三个公理表明消费者可以对任意商品束进行排序，但是如何排序或者说排序的方式则是由偏好的性质所决定的。 单调性----对于正常商品，总是越多越好，有比无好，故无差异曲线严格凸向原点 * * Preferences are strictly convex when all mixtures z are strictly preferred to their component bundles x and y for all 0 t 1. * The mixture z is less preferred than x or y. * MRS always increases with x1 (becomes less negative) if and only if preferences are strictly convex. MRS decreases (becomes more negative) as x1 increases nonconvex pr