固有免疫与适应免疫.pptVIP

Why the immune system? What is its function? How widely is it present in nature? Why does it affect so many aspects of life? How can we alter it for improved quality of life? How does the Immune System (IS) affect your life? Big bugs have little bugsUpon their backs to bite ‘emLittle bugs have littler bugsAnd so on ad infinitum -Ogden Nash, I think Colonization of large organisms by smaller organisms or viruses is the “inverse food chain” Large complex organisms present a source of energy and a habitat for smaller organisms and viruses via colonization Colonization and defense against colonization is a fundamental principle in biology The immune system is principally and most importantly evolved to sculpt colonization to benefit the host Dance of the Eons Virtually every organism faces pressure from viral or microbial colonization and so has evolved strategies to control colonization Likewise, every parasitic organism or piece of selfish DNA has evolved a strategy to mitigate the effects of immunity This eternal waltz of parasites and their hosts surely began with the origin of life One view of animal phylogeny Biological Inventionof Acquired Immunity Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity Innate Immunity All animals have an “innate” immune system Innate immunity is manifest in many cells of the body. The basis is the recognition of molecular patterns, that occur in microbes but not animals (e. g., unmethylated DNA sequences, dsRNA, cell wall components, etc) This is the bedrock of immunity in all organisms--even bacteria have defense mechanisms against bacterial viruses Innate Immunity, con’t An apparent limitation is that parasitic agents have a generation time orders of magnitude less than that of their hosts A second limitation is that there is only limited amplification of the response A third limitation is that there is no memory Adaptive Immunity Recognizes any biochemical determinant Provides a mechanism for immune recognition that can evolve as rapidly as the