实用国际贸易英语internationaltrade.pptVIP

International Trade (2) We’ve learned that international trade took place for two main reasons: The distribution of natural resources is uneven; International specialization. Where there are no differences among countries in basic capabilities at producing goods, other bases for trade among them may still exist. 即使各国在生产商品的基础能力方面没有差异，它们之间进行贸易的基础仍然可能存在。 Other reasons for international trade: A. Patterns of demand may differ among nations. 各国需求结构会有所不同。 例如，一个国家大多数消费者会认为狗肉是一种美味，而在另一个国家，吃狗肉是可憎的。在这种情况下，第二个国家可能将本国的狗肉卖给第一个国家。 So, trade will be bases not on differences in the production capabilities of the two countries but on different consumption preferences. 所以，贸易不是建立在两个国家的生产能力差异上，而是建立在不同的消费爱好上。 B. Trade may occur out of economy of scale __ the cost advantage of large –scale production. 贸易可能产生于规模经济__ 即大规模生产的成本优势。 C. Trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though a country produces enough commodities at reasonable cost to meet its own demand and even to export some, it may still import commodities from other countries for innovation or variety of style. 贸易的发生是由于革新或款式的需要。即使一国能用合理的成本生产足够的商品满足自己的需求，甚至还出口一些。但是，由于革新或各种不同款式的需要，它们仍然可能从其他国家进口该商品。 To summarize, the theory of international specialization seeks to answer the question which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them. Differences in production conditions, the element highlighted by the theory of comparative advantage, provide the most important part of the answer. But complete answer must also take into account other factors such as patterns of demand, economies of scale and innovations or style. 总的来说，国际分工理论寻求回答的是哪些国家将生产什么产品，以及采用什么样的贸易结构。生产条件的差异，这一被比较优势理论所强调的要素为这一问题作出了最重要的回答。但是，完整的答案也必须同时考虑到其他因素，如需求结构，规模经济，革新或款式。 In reality, however, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous. 实际上，即使从经济上看是完全有利的，完全的专门化也永远不会发生。 For strategic or domestic reasons. A country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an