英汉对比研究 替换与重复.pptVIP

第十章 替换与重复(Substitutive vs．Repetitive) 葛 星 白 阳 李彦丽 替换 (Substitutive) Commercials seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening. We listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village. The bachelor’s degree is a necessary for matriculation． “It was the best of times, and it was the worst of times. It was the age of wisdom, and it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief, and it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light, and it was the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope, and it was the winter of despair. We had everything before us, and we had nothing before us. We were all going direct to Heaven, and we were all going direct the other way. 这是最好的时期，这是最坏的时期；这是智慧的岁月，这是愚昧的岁月；这是坚定信仰的时代，这是怀疑一切的时代；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节；这是希望之春，这是绝望之冬；人们应有尽有，人们一无所有；人们直登天堂，人们径堕地狱。 一、替代(Substitution) 用替代的形式(pro-form)来代替句中或上文已出现过的词语或内容(shared words and content)，这是用英语说话或写作的一项重要原则。 英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词性替代，动词性替代和分句性替代 1．名词性替代(nominal substitution) 名词性替代是以名词性替代词替代一个名词词组或它的中心词，这种替代现象叫做名词性替代。 这类词如：第三（非）人称代词、指示代词(this, that, these, those)、关系代词(who，whom，whose，that，which)、连接代词(who，where, what，which)、不定代词(both，either，one／ones，much，other，another，some，any)以及名词 enough，the same，the kind，the former，the latter 等。英语常用这类替代词来避免重复，汉语则较常重复其所代替的名词(词组)。 1.1第三（非）人称代词：she, he, it, they The more we practice a foreign language, the easier it is. 我们练习一门外语越多，这门外语就变得越容易。 The country needs new leadership if she(he) is to play a role in future development . 如果该国要在未来的发展中发挥作用的话，该国就需要新的领导班子。 1.2 指示代词(that，those) The language of a child differs from that of his parents. 孩子的语言不同于家长的语言 。 Mens work histories differ in most respects from those of their female colleagues. 男性的工作经历在很多方面都和女性同事的工作经历不同。 1.3 关系代词(whom, where，that，which) He, a typical Kaifenger, grew up i