跨文化交际期末复习资料.docVIP

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 1 Components of large C Culture : Social institutions and organizations. Language and other communication systems. Customs, habits and behavioral patterns. Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards, thinking patterns. Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development. Culture Onion Dutch scholar Fons Trompenaars (1998) describes culture in three layers: a) The outer layer: the explicit culture products, which refer to the observable things like language, food, buildings, house, monuments, agriculture, markets, fashion and art, which are the symbols of a deeper level of culture. b) The middle layer: norms and values, reflected by the explicit factors c) The core: assumptions about culture. From the fundamental relationship with the nature, mankind likes the core: meaning of life. Thus, in this sense culture is anything but nature . Characteristics of Culture 1. Culture is transmissible 2. Culture is shared. Members of a culture share a set of ideas, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture. 3. Culture is mostly learned unconsciously /acquired. Culture is learned, not inherited（遗传的）. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. 4.Culture is symbolic. 5. Culture is integrated. To keep the culture functioning, all aspects of the culture must be integrated. 6. Culture is dynamic. Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static（静态的）, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. It changes through three most common mechanisms: innovation（创新）, diffusion（传播）and acculturation（文化适应）. 7. Culture is ethnocentric（民族中心主义的）. 8.Culture is the guiding principles for actions. Key terms?? Enculturation（社会文化适应）： Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. （社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的