初中英语现在完成时详解.pdfVIP

现在完成时 一、现在完成时构成 构成：现在完成时由助动词 have + 过去分词构成，助动词 have 有人称和数的变化。第三人 称单数用 has，其余用 have. 现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上 not 、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以 study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下： 否定式 疑问式 I have not (haven ’t) studied …. Have I studied …? You have not (haven ’t) studied …. Have you studied …? He has not (hasn ’t) studied …. Has he studied …? 否定疑问式 简单回答（肯定 / 否定） Have I not (Haven ’t I) studied …? Yes, you have. No, you haven ’t. Have you not (Haven ’t you) studied …?Yes, I have. No, I haven ’t. Has he not (Hasn ’t he) studied …? Yes, he has. No, he hasn ’t. 二、现在完成时用法 1、现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作 或状态对现在的结果或影响。 My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。 I ’ m sure we ’ve met before.我肯定我们以前见过面。 She has arrived. 她到了。 2、表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如 recently, already, just, lately, for … , sinceyet 等。如：…, I haven ’t heard from her these days.这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We haven ’t seen you recently.最近我们没有见到你。 They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。 She has been with us since Monday. ①for+ 时段 ② since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从 …… 以来） ③ since+时段 +ago ④ since+从句（过去时） ⑤ It is+ 时段 +since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 注意： since 和 for 的区别 since 后接时间点，如 1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there for 后接一段时间，表示 “长达多久 ”，如 ten years, a while, two days 等。 3、表示短暂意义的动词如 arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die 等，在完成时当中不能和 表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说： He has come here for 2 weeks. × The old man has died for 4 months. × They have left only for 5 minutes. × 4、has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别 Have/Has gone(to) : 去了 (现在不在说话现场，可能在路上和已经到 ) Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方） My father has been to S