Abstract_writing__英文摘要写作方法.ppt

Abstract Writing Definition and components of an abstract Samples of abstract writing What Is Abstract An abstract should be viewed as a miniature version of the paper. The Abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion. As Houghton (1975) put it, An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information in a document. A well-prepared abstract enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety (American National Standards Institute, 1979b). The Abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be designed to define clearly what is dealt with in the paper. The Abstract should be typed as a single paragraph. The Abstract should (1) state the principal objectives and scope of the investigation； (2) describe the methods employed； (3) summarize the results； (4) state the principal conclusions. When writing the Abstract, examine every word carefully. If you can tell your story in 100 words, do not use 200. Most of the Abstract should be written in the past tense, because it refers to work done. The Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract (except in rare instances, such as modification of a previously published method). Likewise, the Abstract should not include or refer to tables and figures. Types of Abstracts Informative abstract (more detailed, and may include quantitative details) 信息性/报道性/资料性摘要 Indicative /descriptive abstract (brief and qualitative, indicating what kind of research has been done) 指示性/说明性/描述性摘要 Informative-indicative abstract 报道-指示性摘要 2.1 Informative abstract An informative abstract is designed to condense the paper. It can and should briefly state the problem, th