《简明语言学教程》课件 第二章 音系学.pptVIP

2 Sound system:Phonetics Phonology Teaching Objective Critical Thinking Present and Solve Problems Understand Macroscopically Sound system Understand Microscopically Question Time! 2.3 Phonology Think about: Produce “p” in “peak” and “speak”! Find out the differences. Does it influence the meaning if we pronounce “speak” in the way of producing “peak” concerning “p”? Namely, is [sphi:k] different from [spi:k]? 2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics 2.3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone Phone (音素）: a phonetic unit or segment. They are speech sounds produced and heard during linguistic communication. e.g. pit, spit; feel, leaf [ph ], [ p ]; [?] , [l] -- phonetic unit -- not distinctive of meaning -- physical as heard and produced -- marked with [ ] phoneme: the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units. -- phonological unit -- distinctive of meaning -- abstract, not physical; it is presented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context, such as /p/. -- marked with / / e.g. /l/ can be realized as dark [?] , and clear [l] Rules to determine different phonemes: the substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning, e.g. pig/big Allophones (音位变体) [p=, ph] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. 成为同一个phoneme 的allophones 的条件 Phonetic similarity They are in complementary distribution, namely they never occur in the same context. For example, [p] occurs after [s], while [ph] occurs in other places. 2.3.3 Minimal Pairs (最小对立体)，phonemic contrast （音位对立） Minimal pair is a basic procedure 什么in establishing the phonemic inventory of a language or a test for phonemes 作用. Two expressions (words or morphemes) can be called a minimal pair if and only if (1) they have different meanings, (2) and they are identical in every way except for only one sound segment, (3) which occurs in the same place in the stri