19.-2nd-Law-of-Thermodynamics-热力学第二定律课件.pptVIP

19. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics 熱力學第二定律 Reversibility Irreversibility 1. 可逆性和不可逆性 The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics 2. 熱力學第二定律 Applications of the 2nd Law 3. 第二定律的應用 Entropy Energy Quality 4. 熵和能量品質 精品文档 Most energy extracted from the fuel in power plants is dumped to the environment as waste heat, here using a large cooling tower. 發電廠內從燃料抽取的能量，大部份都被當成廢熱而丟到環境裏； 圖中用的是一個大型冷卻塔。 Why is so much energy wasted? 為甚麼浪費這麼多能量？ 2nd law: no Q ? W with 100% efficiency 第二定律：沒有 Q ? W可以達到 100% 効率。 精品文档 Efficiencies 効率 Engine 引擎 Efficiency 効率 Gasoline 汽油 18~20% Diesel 柴油 up to 可達 40% Steam 蒸氣 ~8% Gas Turbine 氣渦輪 up to 可達 40% Power Plant 發電廠 Efficiency 効率 Coal 燃煤 36% Nuclear 核子 30% 精品文档 19.1. Reversibility Irreversibility 可逆性和不可逆性 Block slowed down 質塊因摩擦力 by friction: 而慢下來: Irreversible 不可逆 Bouncing ball: 彈跳的球: reversible 可逆 Examples of irreversible processes: 不可逆程序範例: Beating an egg, blending yolk white 打一個蛋，蛋黄蛋白混成一團 Cups of cold hot water in contact 幾杯冷和熱水貼在一起 Spontaneous process: 自發性程序: order ? disorder 有序 ? 無序 ( statistically more probable ) (统計上較有可能) 時間 精品文档 GOT IT? 19.1. Which of these processes are irreversible: 以下那些程序是不可逆的： stirring sugar into coffee, (a) 把糖攪進咖啡中， building a house, (b) 建一幢房子， demolishing a house with a wrecking ball, (c) 用鐵球撞毀一幢房子， demolishing a house by taking it apart piece by piece, (d) 把房子逐塊拆下， harnessing the energy of falling water to drive machinery, (e) 利用水下墮的能量驅動機器， harnessing the energy of falling water to heat a house? (f) 利用水下墮的能量加熱房子？ 精品文档 19.2. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics 熱力學第二定律 Heat engine extracts work from heat reservoirs. 熱引擎從熱庫取熱。 gasoline diesel engines 汽油和柴油引擎 fossil-fueled nuclear power plants 化石燃料和核子發電廠 jet engines 噴射引擎 2nd law of thermodynamics ( Kelvin-Planck version ): There is no perfect heat engine. 熱力學第二定律 ( 凱爾文- 普朗克 版 ) ： 沒有完美熱引擎。 Perfect heat eng