5WTO基本原则2.pptVIP

I. Freer trade: gradually, through negotiation 贸易逐渐自由化原则 Lowering trade barriers（贸易壁垒） is one of the most obvious means of encouraging trade. The barriers concerned include customs duties (or tariffs)关税 and non-tariff measures（非关税措施） such as import bans or quotas（配额） that restrict quantities selectively. Since GATT’s creation in 1947-48 there have been eight rounds（回合） of trade negotiations. A ninth round, under the Doha Development Agenda（多哈发展议程）, is now underway. At first these focused on lowering tariffs (customs duties) on imported goods. As a result of the negotiations, by the mid-1990s industrial countries’ tariff rates on industrial goods had fallen steadily to less than 4%. But by the 1980s, the negotiations had expanded to cover non-tariff barriers on goods, and to the new areas such as services and intellectual property. Opening markets can be beneficial, but it also requires adjustment（调整）. The WTO agreements allow countries to introduce changes gradually, through “progressive liberalization”（渐进自由化）. Developing countries are usually given longer to fulfill their obligations. II. Transparency透明度原则 The system tries to improve predictability（可预测性） and stability（稳定性） by making countries’ trade rules as clear and public (“transparent”) as possible. Many WTO agreements require governments to disclose（公开） their policies and practices publicly within the country or by notifying the WTO. The regular surveillance（监督） of national trade policies through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism（贸易评审机制） provides a further means of encouraging transparency both domestically and at the multilateral level. （一）世贸组织的透明度原则是指任何成员对本国制定和实施的与国际贸易有关的法律法规、司法判决、行政决定以及贸易政策都应当予以及时公布，以便其他成员方政府及贸易商了解和熟悉。成员方政府之间通过谈判达成的有关国际贸易的协议，也必须予以公布，以避免因其他成员不了解这些协议的内容，引起不公平的贸易，造成对其他成员方的歧视，从而影响最惠国待遇原则的实施。 (二)实施透明度原则应公布的国内法规 1.有关货物进出口贸易的法规政策 一是进出口管理的法规及规章制度；二是海关法规，包括海关对商品的分类、估价规则，海关对进出口货物征收的关税税率和其他费用；三是对进出口商品征收国内税的法规和政策；四是进出口商品检验、检疫的有关法规和规章；五是技术标准及合格评定程序方面的规定；六是货款支付方面的外汇管理法规和规章。 2.有关对外合作的法规政策 一是利用外资的法规政策；二