标准预防与职业安全1 课件.ppt

* * Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-65), a Hungarian obstetrician, introduced antiseptic hand hygiene techniques. Semmelweis noted that post-partum women examined by medical students who did not wash their hands after performing autopsies had high mortality rates. He required students to clean their hands with chlorinated lime before examining patients Maternal mortality declined from 12% to less than 1% after this hand hygiene intervention was implemented. * After Semmelweis insisted that students and physicians clean their hands with a chlorine solution between each patient, the maternal mortality rate in the First Clinic dropped. Maternal mortality rate in the First Clinic dropped dramatically and remained low for years. This is the first evidence indicating that cleansing heavily contaminated hands with an antiseptic agent between patient contacts may reduce healthcare-associated transmission of contagious diseases more effectively than handwashing with plain soap and water. * * * * Barrier equipment includes gloves, sterile and nonsterile, disposable gowns, masks, and protective eyewear. To make the workplace safer, barriers should be available in all patient care areas. Gloves, disposable gowns and surgical masks are single use items. Single use means that they are not to be re-used and they should be discarded after use. Remember to always wash hands after removal of barrier equipment. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 标准预防是成功的、有效的、经济的医院感染控制的主要策略。 预防是最节省成本的健康投资。 医务人员职业危害风险因素 锐 器 损 伤 医疗锐器如注射器针头、缝针、各种穿刺针、手术刀、剪刀等造成的皮肤损伤 医务人员发生血源性感染最重要的传播途径 我国数据，工作3年以内的医院新职工（医生和护士）锐器伤发生率高达95.66％，而锐器伤后报告者仅占7.67％。 没有报告将导致职业暴露后不能获得有效的专业指导和相应的医学处理，对锐器伤的预后产生不利影响。 第二章预 防 第四条 …对所有病人的血液、体液及被血液、体液污染的物品均视为具有传染性的病源物质… 第五条 接触病源物质时，应当采取以下防护措施： …有可能发生血液、体液飞溅到医务人员的面部时，医务人员应当戴手套、具有防渗透性能的口罩、防护眼镜… …使用后的锐器应当直接放入耐刺、防渗漏的利器盒，或者利用针头处理设备进行安全处置，也可以使用具有安全性能的注射器、输液器等医用锐器，以防刺伤。禁止将使用后的一次性针头重新套上针头套。禁止用手直接接触使用后的针头、刀片等锐器。 1、需要的血量非常少： 如感染乙肝只需0.4毫微升 2、感染经血液传播的疾病的途径：