电子科技大学计算机操作系统课件Chapter 4 Device Management and Disk Scheduling.pptVIP

Chapter 4 Device Management and Disk Scheduling Content I/O device overview I/O organization and architecture I/O buffering Disk scheduling RAID Notes: Difficult to develop a general, consistent solution. Just a generally discuss. 4.1 I/O Devices (P452) Three categories: Human Readable Devices Such as Keyboard, Mouse, Display, Printer and so on; Machine Readable Devices Such as Actuator, Controller, Sensor, Tape Drive, Disk Drive and so on; Communication Devices Such as Modem, Network Adapter and so on. Classify There are many sorting standard. E.g. data rates Data Rates of Devices Differences in I/O Devices Application Disk used to store files requires file-management software Disk used to store virtual memory pages needs special hardware and software to support it Terminal used by system administrator may have a higher priority than an ordinary user Differences in I/O Devices Complexity of control Unit of transfer Data may be transferred as a stream of bytes for a terminal or in larger blocks for a disk Data representation Encoding schemes Error conditions Devices respond to errors differently 4.2 Techniques for Performing I/O (p453 11.2) Cyclic Test /Programmed Interrupt-Driven DMA Control Programmed I/O --P29. I/O module performs the action, not the processor Sets appropriate bits in the I/O status register No interrupts occur Processor checks status until operation is complete Busy-waits Interrupt-Driven I/O Processor is interrupted when I/O module ready to exchange data Processor is free to do other work No needless waiting Consumes a lot of processor time because every word read or written passes through the processor Direct Memory Access Transfers a block of data directly to or from memory An interrupt is sent when the task is complete The processor is only involved at the beginning and end of the transfer Evolution of the I/O Function Processor directly controls a peripheral device Controller or I/O module is added Processor uses programmed I/O