北京大学心理学系普通心理学课件第9章 Intelligence.ppt

Chapter 9 Intelligence Introduction to Psychology Peking University 什么是聪明？ Intelligence The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983) Outlines The nature of intelligence Intelligence testing Approaches to intelligence Heredity and intelligence The extremes of intelligence Some concluding thoughts 1 The Nature of Intelligence The multifaceted nature of intelligence The functional nature of intelligence Culturally defined Definition of intelligence 1.1 The multifaceted nature of intelligence 1.2 Functional Nature of Intelligence The capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior. (Sternberg Salter, 1982) 1.3 Cultureally Defined Cultures guide their members in efficient ways of solving everyday problems, and these strategies become part of the way individuals think. ( Vygotsky, 1978) 1.4 Definition of Intelligence The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983) Intelligence Viewpoint of layperson Related concepts Skill Knowledge Aptitude Intelligence Mental ability 2 Intelligence Testing Psychometric instruments Intelligence tests Sir Francis Galton(1822-1911) Upper classes were the most intelligent Simple perceptual, sensory, and motor abilities 10,000(1884) Father of mental test/pioneering statistician 2.1 Binet Scale Alfred Binet (1857-1911) (1905) for education commission Binet Simon (1908) Abilities increase with age Mental Age, MA----Chronological age,CA The average age at which children achieve a particular score. Item Selection 2.2 Intelligence Testing in USA Lewis Terman Stanford-Binet scale (1916) IQ, Intelligence Quotient=(MA/CA)*100 Difference from Binet (MA, IQ, norm) Group Tests Army Alpha Army Beta Test Scholastic Aptitude Test(SAT) The Wechsler Intelligence Scales The Wechsler Intelligence Scales David Wechsler Minimizing the linguistic and cul