公司战略：BackwardVerticalintegration.docxVIP

个人收集整理 勿做商业用途 个人收集整理 勿做商业用途 PAGE / NUMPAGES 个人收集整理 勿做商业用途 垂直一体化：类型 Vertical integration垂直一体化 is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers上游供应商 and its downstream buyers下游购买商. Contrary to horizontal integration, which is a consolidation of many firms that handle the same part of the production process横向一体化是…, vertical integration is typified by one firm engaged in垂直一体化典型地是一个公司从事… different parts of production (e.g., growing raw materials, manufacturing, transporting, marketing, and/or retailing). There are three varieties: backward (upstream) vertical integration后向一体化, forward (downstream) vertical integration前向一体化, and balanced (both upstream and downstream) vertical integration平衡整合. 前向一体化 前向一体化：下游：销售方向 前向一体化Forward integration是指公司沿产业链的下游方向——销售方向扩张的战略。前向一体化指公司获得分销商或零售商的所有权或加强对他们的控制 后向一体化 后向一体化：上游：供应方向 后向一体化backward integration是指公司沿产业链的上游方向——供应方向扩张的战略，即企业介入原供应商的生产活动——获得供应方的所有权或增强对其控制。 Growth can be achieved through vertical growth纵向增长by taking over接管 a function previously provided by a supplier or by a distributor供应商或分销商. This may be done to reduce costs, gain control over a scarce resource, guarantee quality of a key input, or obtain access to new customers. This is a logical strategy for a corporation or business unit with a strong competitive position in a highly attractive industry. V ertical growth results in vertical integration纵向一体化(发生在同一个行业), the degree to which a firm operates vertically纵向运作 in multiple locations on an industry’s value chain from extracting raw materials to manufacturing to retailing企业在从原材料到制造再到零售的一整个产业价值链上的多个位置进行纵向运作。The firm, in effect, builds on its distinctive competence独特能力 in an industry to gain greater competitive advantage竞争优势 by expanding along the industry value chain产业价值链。 后向一体化Backward integration 对以前由供应商承担的职能的替代称为“后向一体化”Assuming a function previously provided by a supplier is called backward integration。如钢铁公司自己拥有矿山和炼焦设施；纺织厂自己纺纱、洗纱等。 A company exhibits backward vertical integration when it controls subsidiaries that