复旦大学软件学院计算机系统课件 Link cont...ppt

Compilers Autumn 2002 Compilers Autumn 2002 * Linking * Outline Symbol Resolution Relocation Suggested reading: 7.6~7.7 * Symbol Resolution void foo(void) int main() { foo() ; return 0 ; } Unix gcc –Wall –O2 –o linkerror linkerror.c /tmp/ccSz5uti.o: In function ‘main’: /tmp/ccSz5uti.o (.text+0x7): undefined reference to ‘foo’ collect2: ld return 1 exit status * Multiply Defined Global Symbols Strong: Functions and initialized global variables Weak: Uninitialized global variables Rules: Multiple strong symbols are not allowed Given a strong symbol and multiple weak symbols, choose the strong symbol Given multiple weak symbols, choose any of the weak symbol * Multiply Defined Global Symbols /*bar1.c*/ int main() { return 0; } /*foo2.c*/ int x=15213; int main() { return 0; } /*bar2.c*/ int x=15213; void f() { } /*foo1.c*/ int main() { return 0; } * /*foo3.c*/ #include stdio.h void f(); int x=15213; int main() { f(); printf(“x=%d\n”,x) return 0; } /*bar3.c*/ int x ; void f() { x = 15212 ; } Multiply Defined Global Symbols * /*foo4.c*/ #include stdio.h void f(); int x=15213; int main() { x=15213 f(); printf(“x=%d\n”,x) return 0; } /*bar4.c*/ int x ; void f() { x = 15212 ; } Multiply Defined Global Symbols * /*foo5.c*/ #include stdio.h void f(); int x=15213; int y=15212; int main() { f(); printf(“x=0x%x y=0x%x \n”, x, y) ; return 0; } /*bar5.c*/ double x ; void f() { x = -0.0 ; } Multiply Defined Global Symbols * Packaging commonly used functions How to package functions commonly used by programmers? math, I/O, memory management, string manipulation, etc. * Packaging commonly used functions Awkward, given the linker framework so far: Option 1: Put all functions in a single source file programmers link big object file into their programs space and time inefficient Option 2: Put each function in a separate source file programmers explicitly