感知-智能科学.PPT

史忠植 感知过程 内容提要 一、概述 二、知觉理论 三、知觉组织 四、Marr视觉计算理论 五、知觉有效编码理论 六、结束语 概述 感知是客观外界直接作用于人的感觉器官而产生的，在发展中经历三种基本形式： 感觉 知觉 表象 认识的辩证过程 关于人的认识的发展过程，列宁曾作过这样的概括；“从生动的直观到抽象的思维，并从抽象的思维到实践，这就是认识真理、认识客观实在的辩证的途径。”毛泽东也指出：“一切比较完全的知识都是由两个阶段构成的，第一阶段是感性知识，第二阶段是理性知识，理性知识是感性知识的高级发展阶段。” 认识的辩证过程 感觉是客观事物的个别属性、特性在人脑中的反映。 知觉是各种感觉的综合，是客观事物整体在人脑中的反映，它比感觉全面和复杂。在知觉的基础上，产生表象。 表象即印象，是通过回忆、联想使这些印象再现出来。它与感觉、知觉不同，是在过去对同一事物或同类事物多次感知的基础上形成的，具有一定的间接性和概括性。但表象只是概括感性材料的最简单的形式，它还不能揭露事物的本质和规律， 从低级感知到高级感知 At the lower level, the world is broken down into primitive features We perceive the world as a unified whole These holistic perceptions are the result of higher perceptual functions operating on these feature primitives Perceiving the world is connected with our knowledge of the world A system that links the products of lower perception to memory 感觉和知觉 感觉Sensation: Conscious outcome of sense organs and projection regions. (“I detect something”, not necessarily conscious) 知觉Perception: means by which information acquired from the environment via the sense organs is transformed (organized) into experiences of objects, events, sounds, tastes, etc. (“I know, recognize, appreciate what I am sensing”) 知觉组织 Two complementary issues: 组织Organizing coherent objects and events out of segregated sensory/perceptual inputs (“binding”) 分析“Parsing” the perceptual world; understanding which inputs belong together and which come from separate objects 知觉组织 Perceptual organization and parsing accomplished by a variety of visual subsystems 知觉组织 Size and Shape Constancies: reflect mechanisms whereby perception of a distal object stays the same despite proximal changes in the perception Depth Cues: monocular or binocular sources of information that convey information about relative distance of objects from viewer 知觉理论Theories of Perception 间接知觉“Indirect” perception: perception is the result of interactive processes from without and from within – use of internal representations based on “top-down” and “bottom-up” processing