南京师范大学教育科学学院儿童社会性发展与教育英文课件Chapter2 How behaviour is learnt.ppt

Chapter 2 How behaviour is learnt contents: Behaviourist theories Social learning theory Constructivist theories Behaviourist theories Classical conditioning: Food arrives when the bell has rung Dog sees food Unconditioned stimulus(UCS) Dog sees assistant Conditioned stimulus(CS) Dog hears bell,sees food CS+UCS Dog hears bell CS Theory and practice Can you think of any situations in your workplace where adults have conditioned children to behave in the type of conditional way? Give us some examples. Law of Effect: If a response is followed by a satisfying, or pleasurable state of affairs or feelings it is more likely to be repeated.Other responses fade away. Stimulus Response Positive reinforcement Think it over : positive / negative reinforcement or punishment 1. A bully pulls Katy`s hair until she hands over her lunch money.When the bully has the money the hair pulling stops. 2. A three-year-old helps to tidy away the toys and his key-worker praises him and gives him a sticker. 3. Linton uses a swear word when playing.His mother says that he can`t watch his favourite television programme later on. 4. A teacher encourages her class to tidy up quickly by promising extra story time. 5. A baby crawls over to another toddler and tries to take a toy.The toddler hits the baby.The key worker notices that the baby does not crawl near the toddler again. Theory and practice: In the kindergarten , how do the teachers encourage children`s positive behaviours? Continuous reinforcement Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable interval Social learning theories: Role models Can you think of role models that you have had in the past who influenced you to behave in a certain way ? Learning by observation Five processes in observational learing : Constructivist: Piaget`s theory identified four aspects of cognitive development : a. Schema——schemas are early ideas or concepts based on linked patterns of behaviour and are