重庆医科大学儿科学精品课程《呼吸系统疾病》课件：呼吸系统疾病-呼吸系统感染（英文）.pptVIP

Respiratory Disorders Dr Enmei Liu Division of Respiratory Diseases Children’s Hospital CUMS Respiratory disorders are important as They account for 50% of consultations with general practitioners for acute illness in young children and one-third of consultations in older children Respiratory illness leads to 20-35% of acute paediatric admissions to hospital They are the fifth most common cause of death in children ages between one and 14 years in the UK Asthma is the most common chronic illness of childhood in the UK and the most frequent single cause for emergency hospital admission Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal inherited disorder in Caucasians Respiratory infections most frequent infections of childhood. The pre-school child has on average 6-8 respiratory infections a year. Most are mild, self-limiting illness but some, such as bronchiolitis or epiglottitis, are potentially life-threatening Pathogens Viruses: cause 80-90% of childhood respiratory infections. The most important are the respiratory syncycial virus (RSV), rhinoviruses, parainfluenza, influenza and adenovirus. An individual virus can cause several different patterns of illness, e.g. RSV can cause bronchiolitis, croup, pneumonia or a common cold. The important bacterial respiratory pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae and other streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis which cause whooping cough, and mycoplasma pneumoniae. Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains an important pathogen. Some pathogens cause predictable epidemics, such as RSV bronchiolitis every winter, whereas others, e.g. pneumococcus, show little seasonal variation. Host and environmental factors Poor socio-economic status (such as overcrowded, damp housing and poor nutrition) Larger family size Maternal smoking Boys more than girls Prematurity-especially infants who have required artificial ventilation Congenital abnormalities of the heart or lungs Rarely, immune deficiency, either congenital, e.g