武汉理工大学数字图像处理英文课件 Chapter3（8）.pptVIP

Grayscale Grayscale Perception Power Law Equal Gray Level Steps? Mach Bands Gamma Correction * The adjacent image specifies 256 different shades of gray in a 16 x 16 grid. You will see all 256 shades only on a 24-bit color display system. Are these gray levels equally spaced? Grayscale images are images without color, or achromatic images. The levels of a grayscale range from 0 (black) to 1 (white). Each pixel value in a grayscale image corresponds to an amount or quantity of light. In the realm of physics, the terms intensity or luminance are used to describe the energy density of light. The term brightness is often used to describe perceived intensity in the psychological sense of visual perception. The relationship between pixel value and intensity can be nonlinear. For example, there is a non-linear dependence of the luminance produced by a CRT on the voltage of the input signal to the CRT controller since energy is proportional to the square of voltage. The human eye is sensitive to the ratios of intensity levels rather than to absolute values in intensity. Brightness (perceived by the eye) and loudness (perceived by the ear) are both logarithmic functions of the intensity of the corresponding wave (light or sound). Consider the settings of a three-way light bulb (50-100-150 watt). The step from 50 to 100 seems much greater in brightness than the step between 100 to 150. The problem of displaying graylevel images is one of producing a set of equal steps in brightness. Suppose we have a digital image with 8 gray levels (3 bits) per pixel that we wish to display on a system where the gray scale ranges from 0 to 1. We can represent the relationship between the input pixel value V and output display value I by a transfer curve, as shown in the following diagram. For each input value, follow the dashed line up to the transfer curve then left to the corresponding display value. Power law curve, where k is a scaling constant and gamma is the exponent expon