提高灌溉用水利用效率的必要性.DOC

提高灌溉用水利用效率的必要性 安养寺久男? 日本 ? 日本鸟取大学干旱地区研究中心（〒680-0001 日本鸟取市浜坂1390） ? Arid Land Research Center, Tottori 关键词：灌水效率，灌溉区灌溉效率，田间灌溉效率，灌溉，综合灌溉效率 Necessity to Increase Efficient of Irrigation Hisao ANYOJI Hiroshi YASUDA Summary About 40% of the worlds food crops is produced from irrigated agricultural fields which constitute only 17% of the total agricultural field. It is estimated that food production must be increased to 1.4 times the present level by 2025 to support an increasing world population. Although irrigated agricultural fields must be expanded to enhance food in the world, the rate of expansion is decreasing continuously. One of many reasons for this is limitation of water. Development of new water resources has become difficult year by year, because many water resources have been developed already and ecological conservation confronts the development of new water resources. To increase irrigation efficiency is the key for sustainable and effective use of the already developed water resources. Based on existing literature and data, it is clear that irrigation efficiency is very low in the present irrigation projects. The need to increase the efficiency of irrigation is stressed. Key words: Application efficiency, Farm irrigation efficiency, Field irrigation efficiency, Irrigation, Total irrigation efficiency. 1.前言 全世界的灌溉耕地面积只占耕地总面积的17%，但是在这些灌溉耕地上，却生产着全部粮食的40%。为了支撑今后继续增长的人口，根据预测，到2025年，粮食产量必须再增加40%，为此需要扩大灌溉耕地，但是，灌溉耕地的增长比例却在下降。其原因之一是适合修建水库的用地减少以及环境保护等因素，使得获取新的灌溉用水越来越困难。持续利用已开发的灌溉用水、提高灌溉用水效率、产生剩余水量等成为一个重要的课题。 为此，本文引用既往文献与数据，按灌溉设施的各个阶段和各种灌溉方式对灌溉用水的利用效率进行了整理，探讨产生剩余水量的可能性。 2.灌溉设施的构成 2.1 总体构成 为了纵观灌溉用水的利用效率，这里将整理日本典型的灌溉设施的构成。旱地灌溉的水利设施如图1所示，从水源到田间蓄水池为输水设施，从田间蓄水池到喷洒区块为供水设施，输水设施与供水设施的连接处设有田间蓄水池。 田间蓄水池处建有泵站，配有水泵、除尘设备、压力罐等。由于水泵的进水口装有拦污 栅等过滤设备，所以能去除较大的垃圾。但是灌溉用水中如果含有杂质，就会使喷头以及滴灌滴头发生堵塞，水的分布效率就会下降，为此需要安装除尘设备。特别是滴灌，必须在供水设备中分阶段地安装除尘设备。 2.2 田间蓄水池 田间蓄水池的功能是消除输水设施容量与供水设施容量之间的不连续性。即，为了将流量变化控制到最小，同时减小设施的容量，输水设施设计为24小时通水。但是灌溉作业需要人手。例如，由于喷洒支管、灌溉设备设计为需要靠人力来移动，1天的灌溉时间不可能设定为2