毕业论文写作讲座（二）培训课件.pptVIP

5.5 中文参考文献格式： 专著、编著、译著 杜维明. 东亚价值与多元现代性[M]. 北京：中 国社会科学出版社, 2001 申 丹. 文学文体学与小说翻译[M]. 北京： 北京 大学出版社, 1995 柳卸林主编. 世界名人论中国文化[Z]. 武汉: 湖北 人民出版社, 1991 索绪尔. 普通语言学教程[M]. 高名凯译. 北京: 商 务印书馆, 1996 论文集文章 冯庆华. 论译者的风格[A]. 谢天振. 翻译的理 论建构与文化透视[C]. 上海: 上海外语教 育出版社, 2000. 329-338 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中 篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫. 西方文论选：下册 [C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 期刊文章 程爱民. 原型批评的整体性文化批评倾向[J]. 外 国文学, 2000(5): 67-74 张 权. 英语动词名词化的认知结构分析[J]. 外国 语, 2001(6): 29-34 报纸文章 冯宪光. 借鉴与重构: 西方马克思主义文学批评在 中国[N]. 文艺报, 1999/11/23(3) 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利，A－－论文集中的析出文献；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 Chapter 6 Research Instruments 6.1 Introduction Usually there are two approaches to research: qualitative approach and quantitative approach. Qualitative approach: interviews, observations and text analysis Quantitative approach: experiments and questionnaires, etc. Whatever approach you use just depends on your research context and research questions. For example, “Is Chinese food better or more delicious than English food?” ( interview + questionnaire). Here we will pick out 3 frequently used approaches and introduce them to you. 6.2 Observation Three questions to ask yourself: 1) Who and what should I observe? Why? 2) How many people or events should I observe? Why? 3) What observation and recording technique are appropriate? Why? For example: RQ: How do EAP teachers start their EAP classes? Who and what should I observe: who→teachers what→How they start teaching? →How many teachers are you going to observe? (You should have reasons for that) →How many classes are you going to observe? (You should have reasons for that) →TA: starting by greeting and then TB: ….. TC: ….. We can use an observation schedule like this: Teacher Way TA TB TC TD By greetings √ By activities √ √ By playing video √ By asking questio