大学生物专业英语lesson _two.pptVIP

Lesson Two   Photosynthesis Introduction Photosynthesis occurs only in the chlorophyll-containing cells of green plants, algae, and certain protists and bacteria. 光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞，藻类，某些原生生物和细菌之中。 From the point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular respiration. 从化学和热力学(动能学)角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的逆反应 Whereas cellular respiration is highly exergonic and releases energy, photosynthesis requires energy and is highly endergonic. 但是细胞呼吸作用是高度放能的，光合作用是需要能量的,并且是高度吸能的过程。 Photosynthesis starts with CO2 and H2O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. 光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。 In the first set, called the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split (oxidized), O2 is released, and ATP and NADPH are formed. 第一步，称光反应，水分子裂解（分解）(被氧化)，氧分子被释放，ATP和NADPH形成。 These reactions must take place in the presence of light energy. 此反应必须在存在光能的条件下发生。 In the second set, called light-independent reactions, CO2 is reduced (via the addition of H atoms) to carbohydrate. 第二步，称暗反应，二氧化碳被还原成碳水化合物。 These chemical events rely on the electron carrier NADPH and ATP generated by the first set of reactions. 这步反应依赖于由第一步反应产生的电子载体NADPH以及ATP。 Both sets of reactions take place in chloroplasts. 两步反应都发生在叶绿体中。 Most of the enzymes and pigments for the light-dependent reactions are embedded in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. 光反应需要的大部分酶和色素都是包埋在叶绿体的类囊体膜上。 The dark reactions take place in the stroma. 暗反应发生在基质中。 1. How light energy reaches photosynthetic cells光合细胞如何吸收光能的 When light is absorbed it alters the arrangement of electrons in the absorbing molecule. 在吸收光能时,光可以改变捕光分子中的电子排列。 The added energy of the photon boosts the energy condition of the molecule from a stable state to a less-stable excited state. 光子的能量激活了分子的能量状态，使其从基态（稳定态）进入激发态（不稳定的）。 All photosynthetic organisms contain various classes of chlorophylls and one or more carotenoid pigments that also contribute to photosynthesis. 所有的光合生物都含有各种类型的叶绿素和一种或多种与光合作用相关的类胡萝卜素分子（光