五年制《医学免疫学》2英文课件.ppt

豚鼠 免疫家兔 肝、脾、肾等组织乳剂 分离 血清 与豚鼠组织发生反应 结合绵羊红细胞 Heterophilic Ag (Forssman antigen) Xenogenic Ag异种抗原 -An antigen found in more than one species. Allogenic Ag同种异型抗原 -individuals of a species differ in alleles (are allogeneic) and the antigenic differences will cause an immune response to allografts. The antigens concerned are often of the MHC and are referred to as alloantigens. Antigen Autoantigen自身抗原 -The antigens of an organisms own cells and cell products are self antigens to the immune system of that organism. - Clones of immune cells reactive with self antigens are normally eliminated. Antigen Types of antigens idiotypic Ag独特型抗原 - The combined antigenic determinants (idiotopes) found on antibodies of an individual that are directed at a particular antigen; such antigenic determinants are found only in the variable region. Antigen Endogenous antigen内源性 Exogenous antigen外源性 Tolerogen, allergen 耐受原Tolerogen: an antigen that induces a state of specific immunological unresponsiveness 变应原Allergen: a substance capable of inducing allergy or specific hypersensitivity. pollens, dust, drugs, and foods… Stimulator(superantigen, adjuvant, mitogen) 超抗原Superantigen (SAg) - When the immune system encounters a conventional TD-Ag, only a small fraction (1 in 104 -106) of the T cell population is able to recognize the antigen and become activated (monoclonal/oligoclonal response). However, there are some antigens which polyclonally activate some subtypes of the T cells (up to 20%). These antigens are called superantigens. 外源性：SE(A～E)→T cell SPA→B cell 内源性：小鼠乳腺肿瘤病毒蛋白 Antigen 超抗原激活T细胞与普通抗原不同 佐剂Adjuvant it is a substance which, when mixed with an antigen, enhances the immune response against the antigen. The use of adjuvants, however, is often hampered by undesirable side effects such as fever and inflammation. 生物性佐剂；无机化合物；人工合成物；有机物；脂质体 FCA（弗氏完全佐剂）, FIA （弗氏不完全佐剂）, BCG, CP, LPS, CpG。。。 丝裂原Mitog