第五章-控制课件.pptVIP

管理控制的 主要目标 适应环境的变化 限制偏差的累积 转换过程 现场控制 及时纠正工作进 行中出现的问题 输出 反馈控制 纠正已经 出现的问题 输入 前馈控制 预防可能 出现的问题 控制的3种类型 控制的一般过程 识别偏差 修正工作方式 偏差可以接受吗？ 重新制定标准 达到标准了吗？ 标准可行吗？ Yes Yes Yes No No No 衡量实际并 与标准相比 测量实际工作 目标 标准 什么也不做 什么也不做 制定控制标准 制定控制标准的 过程和方法 控制标准的 实质和要求 控制标准的 实质和要求 适用性 前瞻性 可行性 一致性 简明性 可操作性 相对稳定性 工业控制的4种常用标准 时间标准 数量标准 质量标准 成本标准 确立控制对象 制定控制 过程的 标准和方法 选择关键控制点 制定控制标准 信息 人员 财务 运营 管理者需要 测量的内容 确立适宜的衡量方式 建立有效的信息反馈系统 通过衡量成绩，检验标准的客观性和有效性 衡量实际工作 。。 * 。。 * 。。 * 。。 * 。。 * 。。 * 。。 * Control is the process of monitoring and correcting activities to ensure that they are being accomplished as planned. The control process consists of three steps: (1) measuring actual performance; (2) comparing actual performance against a standard; and (3) correcting deviations or inadequate standards. The most common sources of information for performance measurement are personal observation, statistical reports, oral reports, and written reports. Personal observation provides first-hand knowledge of an activity, thereby permitting intensive coverage and allowing managers to “read between the lines.” Because it is subjective, however, personal observation may be biased. Also, it is time-consuming and obtrusive. Statistical reports consist of computer print-outs, graphs, bar charts, and numerical displays. Although they represent relationships clearly and accurately, statistical reports provide limited information about an activity and ignore qualitative elements. Oral reports consist of one-on-one conversations, telephone calls, and conferences. The advantages and disadvantages of oral reports are similar to those of personal observation. Written reports can also measure performance. They are more formal, comprehensive, and concise than oral reports. In addition, they are easy to catalog and reference. Comprehensive control efforts by management will require the use of all four of these methods. 。。 * Internal forces originate from the operations of the organization or from the impact