暂态弹性波应用于土木工程之非破坏检测原理及现况.PPT

感測器原理與應用 超音波感測器 Ultrasonic Sensor ?Proximity sensor A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. /wiki/Proximity_sensor Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they both send and receive) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object. /wiki/Ultrasonic_sensor 超音波感測器 Ultrasonic Sensor Ultrasound?is an oscillating?sound?pressure wave with a?frequency?greater than the upper limit of the human?hearing range. Ultrasound is thus not separated from normal (audible) sound based on differences in physical properties, only the fact that humans cannot hear it. Although this limit varies from person to person, it is approximately 20?kHz?(20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20?kHz up to several gigahertz(GHz). /wiki/Ultrasound 超音波感測器 Ultrasonic Sensor Principle of flaw detection with ultrasound. A void in the solid material reflects some energy back to the transducer, which is detected and displayed. 超音波感測器 Ultrasonic Sensor Principle of an active sonar 超音波感測器 Ultrasonic Sensor Ultrasound can be used for medical imaging, detection, measurement and cleaning. At higher power levels, ultrasonics is useful for changing the chemical properties of substances. 超音波感測器 Ultrasonic Sensor The approximate speed of sound in dry (0% humidity) air, in meters per second (m·s?1), at temperatures near 0?°C, can be calculated from: where?? is the temperature in degrees?Celsius?(°C). /wiki/Sound_speed 超音波感測器 Ultrasonic Sensor /wiki/Sound_speed 超音波感測器 Ultrasonic Sensor Sound field of a non focusing 4 M