局部解剖学（双语） 课程 课件general review.pptVIP

Regional Anatomy Review Based on the organization of the body into parts: the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and paired upper and lower limbs. Emphasis is placed on the relationships of various systemic structures (e.g., muscles, nerves, and arteries) Neck Superficial structures Fascia of Neck Thyroid area Neck: Cervical Regions Superficial veins, nerves, and lymph nodes Fascia of Neck superficial cervical fascia deep cervical fascia investing layer pretracheal layer carotid sheath The common internal carotid arteries. The internal jugular vein (IJV). The vagus nerve (CN X) prevertebral layer Thyroid and parathyroid glands The thyroid gland is located anteriorly in the neck. It lies deep to the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles from the level of the C5–T1 vertebrae. It consists of right and left lobes and isthmus. Parathyroid glands are located in the back of thyroid glands, usually 2 in each lobe. The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormone, which controls the rate of metabolism. The parathyroid glands produce parathormone (PTH), which controls the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium in the blood. superior and inferior thyroid arteries related nerves External laryngeal n. Recurrent laryngeal n. Three pairs of thyroid veins usually drain the thyroid plexus of veins on the anterior surface of the thyroid gland and trachea Thyroidectomy Thorax Chest wall structures Intercostal space Mammary gland Its lymph drainage Concept of Pleura and pleura cavity Trachea, bronchi, lungs and bronchopulmonary segment Mediastinum its contents Chest wall- structure Contents of typical intercostal space Lymphatic drainage of breast The lymphatic drainage of the breast is important because of its role in the metastasis (spread) of cancer cells. Most lymph ( 75%) drains to the axillary lymph nodes The remaining lymph drains to the parasternal lymph nodes Lymph from the axillary nodes drains to infraclavicular and supraclavicular nodes and from them