英语二学历语言学讲义03Phonetics.ppt

哈尔滨师范大学 张旭红 Phonetics ---Chapter Three Contents I. Definition of Phonetics; II. International Phonetic Alphabet; III. Branches of Phonetics; IV. Articulatory Phonetics. I. Definition of Phonetics Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds which are used by all human languages or by a particular language to represent meanings. II. International Phonetic Alphabet 2.1 What is it?; 2.2 Why do we use it?; 2.3 How do we use it?. 2.1 What is it? International Phonetic Alphabet (shortened as IPA) is the phonetic alphabet designed by the International Phonetic Association (also shortened as IPA) in 1888 to be used to represent the sounds found in all human languages. 2.2 Why do we use it? The first reason is that there is usually a discrepancy between pronunciation and spelling of many languages; The second reason is that we need an orthography as far as linguistic study is concerned. 2.3 How do we use it? Broad Phonetic Transcription: ~ is that which only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning without providing any details, e.g. [pen]; Diacritics （变音符） ~~~ are the additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such as length, tone, stress, nasalization, etc. Examples are [i:], [ě], [ù], and [?], etc. broad /narrow transcription宽式和严式标音  When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a broad transcription. The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription. Both are phonetic transcriptions so we put both forms in square brackets [ ]. Common Phonemic Rules Aspiration [h] Unreleased Stop [ ? ] Flap [?] Dental Consonants [?] Velarization [?] Voicelessness [?] Vowel lengthening [?] Vowel nasalization [~] III. Branches of Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics Acoustic Phonetics Auditory Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics（发音语音学）: ~ is the study of the way in which speech sounds are made by the vocal organs; Acoustic Phonetics（声学语音学）: ~