现代西方哲学04.pptVIP

第四章 生命哲学（柏格森） Bergson Bergson was a major French philosopher, influential especially in the first half of the 20th century. Bergson convinced many thinkers that immediate experience and intuition are more significant than rationalism and science for understanding reality. He was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented. family background His father, the musician Micha? Bergson, was of a Polish Jewish family background (originally bearing the name Bereksohn). His mother, Katherine Levison, daughter of a Yorkshire doctor, was from an English and Irish Jewish background. 柏格森代表作品 《时间与自由意志》（博士论文） 《物质和记忆：身心关系论》（1896年） 《创造进化论》（1907年） 《笑》（1900年） 《形而上学导论》（1903年） 《道德和宗教的两种起源》（1932年）。 Duration /free will /intuition Bergson rejected what he saw as the overly mechanistic predominant view of causality (as expressed in, say, finalism). He argued that we must allow space for free will to unfold in an autonomous and unpredictable fashion. Bergson attempted to redefine the modern conceptions of time, space, and causality in his concept of Duration, making room for a tangible marriage of free will with causality. Seeing Duration as a mobile and fluid concept, Bergson argued that one cannot understand Duration through immobile analysis, but only through experiential, first-person intuition. 空间化的时间和真正的时间 柏格森首先区分两种时间，一种是真正的时间，一种是空间化的时间，自然科学的时间都是空间化的时间，而真正的时间被我们的直接经验所把握。自然科学把一切都数学化了，时间也是一个数学概念，被几何的线或代数字母ｔ所符号化，被钟表和计时器所量度。由于这些测量工具都是空间性物体，所以科学时间被表述成由一个一个单位所组成的均匀的流质，人类的社会实践活动就被这些单位所引导。 这个抽象的数学时间概念完全没有把握住真正的时间，真正的时间是绵延，是远离一切概念和静止的东西。它是具体的不是抽象的，为我们的直接经验所感知，我们只要抛开一切理念，一切外在的干扰，沉心于体验内心的生活，我们就可以懂得什么是绵延；它是活的，动的，而不是死的，它是主动的而不是被动的，这个流变过程挟带着过去的一切滚滚向前。 芝诺问题 Zeno‘s paradoxes have puzzled, challenged, influenced, inspired, infuriated, and amused philosophers, mathematicians, and physicists for over two millennia（千年）. The most famous are the so-called arguments against motion described by