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Letters in Mathematical Physics 61: 149–158, 2002. 149 # 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Yang–Mills Algebra ALAIN CONNES1 and MICHEL DUBOIS-VIOLETTE2 1College de France, 3 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, and IHES, 35 route de Chartres, 91 0 Bures-sur- Yvette. e-mail: connes@ihes.fr 2 ´ ´ ˆ Laboratoire de Physique Theorique, UMR 8627, Universite Paris XI, Batiment 210, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France. e-mail: michel.dubois-violette@th.u-psud.fr (Received: 13 August 2002) Abstract. Some unexpected properties of the cubic algebra generated by the covariant deriva- tives of a generic Yang–Mills connection over the ðs þ 1Þ-dimensional pseudo Euclidean space are pointed out. This algebra is Koszul of global dimension 3 and Gorenstein but except for s ¼ 1 (i.e. in the two-dimensional case) where it is the universal enveloping algebra of the Heisenberg Lie algebra and is a cubic Artin–Schelter regular algebra, it fails to be regular in that it has exponential growth. We give an explicit formula for the Poincare series of this´ algebra A and for the dimension in degree n of the graded Lie algebra of which A is the uni- versal enveloping algebra. In the four-dimensional (i.e. s ¼ 3) Euclidean case, a quotient of this algebra is the quadratic algebra generated by the covariant derivatives of a generic (anti) self-dual connection. This latter algebra is Koszul of global dimension 2 but is not Gorenstein and has exponential growth. It is the universal enveloping algebra of the graded Lie algebra which is the semi-direct product of the free Lie algebra with three generators of degree one by a derivation of degree one. Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000). 58B34, 81R60, 16E65, 08C99. Key words. duality, Homogeneous al