高级英语写作-unit4.pptVIP

3.2 Types of sentences句子类型 Structural Approach The simple sentence简单句 The coordinate sentence 并列句 The complex sentence 复合句 Functional Approach declarative (陈述句), interrogative (疑问句), imperative (祈使句), exclamatory (感叹句).  immediate constituent（直接成分） Constituent (构成成分) ultimate constituent （最终成分） IC（直接成分）: Can be further segmented until we obtain the smallest grammatical units. UC（最终成分）: The smallest grammatical unit obtained through segmentation. 3.3 IC Analysis (直接成分分析法): IC Analysis refers to divide the sentence up into immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. （把句子按其组成部分/成分用两进制切分法/二分法一直划到最小的语法单位－又称最终成分－词素。） The analysis can be carried out in ways of bracketing (括号法） upright lines（竖线法） tree diagrams (树形法） Tree diagrams 树形图最为直观，不仅显示出句子的线性结构，而且清楚地表明其阶层结（hierarchical structure）。 eg A ambiguity sentence: The boy saw the man with a telescope. not only shows linear relationship, but also hierarchical ones. helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions. For example: old men and women old men and women The advantage of IC Analysis There will be a problem as to where to make the next cut. This is called discontinuity and such constituents are called discontinuous constituents （非连续成分）. e.g. look…up, bring…in, help…out, look forward to, etc. 直接成分分析法把话语一直分到词素，忽略了词和习语作为词汇单位的整体作用。如：look…up, bring…in, help…out, look forward to, 三长两短，七上八下，如果切分到词素，就会忽视习语的整体意义，从而破坏语义的完整性。 A disadvantage of IC Analysis 3.4 Transformations 3.4.1 Deep structure surface structure The structure of the sentence as it is pronounced or written is called the surface structure. The structure that contains all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence is called the deep st