Chap20收入不平等与贫困.pptVIP

衡量不平等中的问题Problems in Measuring Inequality 收入分配与贫困率数据所给出的生活水平不平等状况是不完全的，是由于以下原因： Data on income distribution and the poverty rate give an incomplete picture of inequality in living standards because of the following: 实物转移支付 In-kind transfers 生命的经济周期The economic life cycle 暂时收入与永久收入 Transitory versus permanent income 实物转移支付In-Kind Transfers 以物品和劳务形式而不是以现金方式支付给予穷人的转移支付称为实物转移支付。 Transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash are called in-kind transfers. 实物转移支付In-Kind Transfers 收入分配和贫困率是根据家庭的货币收入进行衡量的。 Measurements of the distribution of income and the poverty rate are based on families’ money income. 没有把实物转移支付考虑在内就大大影响了所衡量的贫困率。 The failure to include in-kind transfers as part of income greatly affects the measured poverty rate. 生命的经济周期The Economic Life Cycle 人一生中有规律的收入变动形式称为生命周期。 The regular pattern of income variation over a person’s life is called the life cycle. 年轻工人在工业生涯的初期收入比较低 A young worker has a low income at the beginning of his or her career. 随着工人年龄的增大和惊讶的增加，收入在增加。 Income rises as the worker gains maturity and experience. 大约50岁左右，收入达到高峰。 Income peaks at about age 50. 在大约65左右退休后，收入大幅度减少 Income falls sharply at retirement, around age 65. 暂时收入与持久收入Transitory versus Permanent Income 收入因为随机的和暂时的力量而变动。Incomes vary because of random and transitory forces. 自然条件的变化降低收入 Acts of nature that reduce income 由于疾病或经济状况导致的暂时失业 Temporary layoffs due to illness or economic conditions, etc. 暂时收入与持久收入Transitory versus Permanent Income 家庭购买物品与劳务的能力主要取决于其持久收入，即正常的或平均的收入。 A family’s ability to buy goods and services depends largely on its permanent income, which is its normal, or average, income. 持久的收入不包括收入的暂时变动。 Permanent income excludes transitory changes in income. 经济流动性Economic Mobility 人们在各收入阶级之间的变动称为经济流动性。 The movement of people among income classes is called economic mobility. 经济流动性在美国是相当普遍的。 Economic mobility is substantial in the U.S. economy. 经济